Design & Construction of Zero Energy House-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the design and Construction of Zero Energy House- Brighton Waste House Project. Answer: Introduction All the houses achieve a higher energy efficient buildings and it is known as Zero Energy Building (ZEB) standards. The sustainable construction project uses 90 percent of the materials from both household as well as construction waste that makes the waste house. The waste includes of 20,000 toothbrushes, floppy discs, carpet tiles, 4000 DVD cases used to clad faade of the home. The waste house project started at May 2013 and completed on April 2014. The opening date of the project is June, 2014. The aim of this project is to reclaim and recycle of the materials (Newatlas.com 2015). The project also aims to demonstrate of 45 percent contribution to emission of carbon dioxide within UK that attribute towards architectural structures. The report is based on design and construction of a waste house into Brightons University that provides with zero net energy consumption. It uses concept of 100 percent use of the waste resources and consumption of zero energy. It discusses the conceptual and preliminary design of the building to familiar the users with its benefits. Needs Definition- Design and construction of Brighton Waste House Zero energy buildings are regular grid tied houses that are air tight, energy efficient as well as well-protected. It provides a net zero energy and carbon free house. Zero energy houses consist of advanced design and building system with energy efficient and on-site solar panels in order to provide better house (Hassoun and Dincer 2014). The houses are comfortable; sustainable as well as healthy those are affordable to live. Those are quality houses and more durable. There are various definitions of the terms used into the design and construction of the waste house as follows: Zero net site energy use: Mohamed, Hasan and Siren (2014) stated that it is the amount of energy that is provided by on site renewable energy sources. It is equal to amount of energy which is used by the building. Zero net source energy use: It creates same sum of energy as it is being used. It also includes of energy used in order to transport energy towards the building. It is lost through transmission of electricity (Fujimoto, Yamaguchi and Shimoda 2017). Zero net energy (ZNE) generates electricity that zero net site of energy building. Net zero energy emissions: In UK, ZEB is definite as zero net energy emissions; it is also recognized as zero emission building (Peng et al. 2015). The carbon is produced from both on-site as well as off-site fossil fuel which is unbiased by sum of production of the on-site renewable energy. Net zero cost: In zero energy building, the price of energy purchased is being reasonable by the profits from sales electricity to the produced electricity grid on-site (Poppendieck et al. 2016). Net off-site zero energy use: Hamdy, Hasan and Siren (2013) demonstrated that building is ZEB when it has 100 percent of energy it purchased from the renewable energy sources, even when the energy is produced off-site. Off-the-grid: The buildings need stand alone ZEB which is not associated with off-site energy. It requires generation of renewable energy (Berthold et al. 2014). Net zero energy building: Net ZEB is energy proficient building and grid associated that enable to create of power from the renewable basis to compensate energy demand (Stefanovic, Bojic and Gordic 2014). Conceptual Design of Brighton Waste House Project Detailed design requirements Design decisions is affected the energy use of zero energy building. Assortment of location, control filtration procedures and area of light openings reduce negative impact of heat effect on the climate of the building (Hassoun and Dincer 2015). The basic necessities of structural divisions of the waste house are: The timber framed structure is made up of timber off cuts with of salvaged ply and it is insulated and donatedKoolthermK15 boards to the internal wall cassettes, tapes and disc cases and 198000 disposable airlines toothbrushes (Cellura et al. 2015). Higher stage of thermal insulation of the building envelopes (It consists of coefficient of temperature transfer U walls: It is not further than 0.09 W/(m2 K), coating is no more than 0.07 W/(m2 K) and floor with 0.09 W/(m2 K) (Koo et al. 2014). Install of transparent cladding structures with a lower e-coated glass (It has co-efficient of transferring heat U 1 W/ m2 K) (Dumont, Quoilin and Lemort 2015). Higher air tight of the building envelopes The building consists of insulation system, butt joints and enclosed structure. Evolution of detailed design UK receives a daily average of approximately 4.2 hours of peak sun; therefore solar energy is one of the significant ways to gain energy balance. A silicon photovoltaic system is being modeled faced north at twisted angle of 26 degree so as to recompense houses yearly energy demand. The design of waste houses is conducted based on three designing terms: building envelope, building services and user interaction (Lu, Wang and Shan 2015). Zero Energy Building uses of sustainable energy sources and fossil fuels. It is possible that the concept requires integrating, combining upgradation of building envelope and using of efficient building system (Lindberg 2017). The construction phase of the waste house consisted of combination of waste as well as surplus materials with use of hi-tech solutions like DuPont Tyvek UV Faade breather membrane that are installed behind unusual rain screen cladding and it is made up of second hand carpet tiles. Integrating of system elements and activities Following are the system elements that can consume of energy into waste house: Heating and cooling system: The geothermal heat pump can heat and cool and when it is equipped with de-superheater, then it can supply hot water to the house. The system requires utilizing constant temperature of earth as exchange of heat medium as an alternative of external air temperature (Hassoun and Dincer 2016). It allows the system to attain extraordinarily higher efficiencies of approximately 300-600%. Water heating system: Maximum energy is saved with use of solar thermal panels. Hot water tank requires placing to both bathrooms as well as kitchen in order to reduce hot water runs or thermally insulate (Williams 2014). Therefore, a water recirculation system is considered. Lightning system: This system uses of 75-90 percent of less energy as compared to standard incandescent as well as halogen bulbs. Ventilation system: The system is energy efficient and it requires mechanical ventilation in order to continue of indoor air quality. Most efficient ventilation system is Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV) (Kalambura et al. 2015). It is an energy recovery system and it balances humidity to exchange of indoor as well as outdoor air. In order to design a zero energy house, three basic activities are considered: Reduction of houses energy requirements: Insulation will help to reduce the heat loss in the winter and gain of heat in summer. It provides building envelope such as walls, roof and slab. An air barrier will reduce loss of heat and gain due to leakage of air in as well as out of the house. Production of energy required: It includes of renewable energy system to present with amount of required energy to function the house (Gray 2016). The energy required is reduced with an energy efficient technology such as photovoltaic system to offer of electricity. Efficient operating the house: It includes of setting of temperature of space heating, hot water and number of appliances, energy use and appliances which are plugged. Design tools and aids Following are the tools used during the design process of zero energy houses: Design performance modeling (DPM): This tool is developed to forecast the performance of building based on energy efficiency, penetration of daylight, thermal comfort and natural ventilation. Building energy modeling (BEM): It consists of data and makes assumptions about operation as well as maintenance of the building (Newatlas.com 2015). Building operation modeling (BOM): The main feature of this tool is monitoring of the building. It permits for calibration of BEM. Project resource modeling (PRM): It evaluates the supply problems that will influence the expansion of the development (Lu, Wang and Shan 2015). It shows a relationship between conservation, consumption and efficiency. Design data, information and integration Type of construction Materials External walls It is of 100 mm brick with 50 mm of insulation board (R1.5). It consists of wall air space as well as there is 9.5 mm of plaster board. Internal walls They are double layered with 9.5 mm plaster board as well as a wall air space. Windows Windows are of 3 mm green glass (single glaze), It is air 13 mm and clear glass of 3mm. Ceiling The concrete of 100mm. It has ceiling air space. It consists of 154 mm batts insulation (R3.5) with plasterboard of 13mm. External door (front) Wood of 50mm. Internal doors Wood of 25mm. Floor (carpet) Lightweight concrete consists of 100 mm. Floor (tiles) The floor has acoustic tile with lightweight concrete of 100 mm (R1.0) Table 1: Design data on construction specifications of Zero energy house (Source: Lu, Wang and Shan 2015, pp-465) Figure 1: Design of Waste House (Source: Cellura et al. 2015, pp-27) Development of engineering models Computer modeling tool is used to estimate the consumption of energy as well as production. Zero Energy Residence Optimization (ZERO) software is used to design the buildings by minimizing the energy consumption. The house specification consists of insulation level, domestic appliances, window requirements, electrical layout, heating system, hot water system and lightning system (Hassoun and Dincer 2015). The initial design of the zero energy houses use an energy rating system that uses of computer simulation in order to assess heating as well as cooling efficiency of energy of residential building design. The building materials are modeled in order to estimation of the energy performance and price of various designing options. The final design of the house reflects on optimal balance among energy performance and cost (Lindberg 2017). ZEH is used of energy saving technology as well as solar power in order to lessen the net energy consumption to zero. Sophisticated 3-D building energy simulation tool is used to model how the building is performed with designing variables like building orientation, insulation type, lightning, heating efficiency, window and door type and local climate (Lu, Wang and Shan 2015). Simulation helps the designer to forecast how building will perform and enable to model the financial suggestions on the cost benefit analysis. System prototype development Ventilation system Benefits Considerations SKIN Recovery of heat, collective air via faade Collective installation and easier maintenance Limited flexibility Unsatisfactory as users will avoid the system Ducts are running throughout faade External insulation Integrated air inlet and outlet into the frame of window Recovery of heat in the building Ventilation system is safer Limited flexibility Ducts are running throughout faade External insulation Integrated air inlet and outlet at the staircase Recovery of heat decentralized per room Flexible and innovative Critical to develop the system and upscale to 20 units Room are not adjacent to faade External insulation Replacement of window Integrated of ventilation unit into the frame of window or wall Table 2: Preliminary concepts to be tested in system prototype (Source: Hassoun and Dincer 2016, pp-41) Design, review, evaluation and feedback Tracking and controlling Technical Performance Measure (TPM) Technical performance measure Quantitative requirement Current benchmark Relative importance Process time (in days) 30 days 40 days 15 Energy performance 0 kWh/dwel/yr Not fixed 26 Thermal comfort 20-25/23-26 oC 16-25 oC 18 Indoor quality of air/airflows 0.7 l/s/ m2 0.05-0.1 l/s/ m2 18 Lightning 100-200 lux 150 lux 7 Level of noise 25-40 dB(A) 20-35 dB(A) 5 Facade construction 5 m2K/W 5 m2K/W 11 Table 3: Technical Performance Measures (Source: Stefanovi?, Boji? and Gordi? 2014, pp-61) Tracking of other design considerations Parameters Value Lightning (LED) 0.4 W/sf Temperature of natural ventilation system 66-78 oC (when the outside humidity is 0-60 percent) Energy recovery unit Sensible Efficiency = 75% Building envelope 1. The walls of Super Insulated are of R-45 Walls with R-70 Roof 2. Air barrier by means of the building envelope charging of greatest penetration of 0.15 air changes per hour 3. Insulation: Minimum glazing thickness of 1 inch Table 4: Design considerations of ZEB (Source: Kalambura et al. 2015, pp-1668) Conducting design reviews The entire design of the ZEB system is reviewed to identify the funding requirements of the system project. The review is conducted after design plan of the system. The basic objective of this review is to design and construct zero energy house in UK that can provide 100 percent energy efficiency (Williams 2014). The software required for the review is building operation modeling, which will monitor the performance and energy efficiency of the building. Incorporating design changes There are requirement of changes into performance of the system. The cost of the system is maintained so that in future there is less possibility to raise the cost. There are also changes in energy code. Conclusion It is concluded that with an advancement of the renewable technology, zero energy houses are the future. It increases the comfort of the human beings due to its uniform internal temperature. It reduces requirements of energy and total ownership price due to its improved energy efficient. Waste House are consistent framework tied houses that are sealed shut, vitality productive and additionally very much ensured. It gives a net zero vitality and carbon free house. Waste houses comprise of cutting edge plan and building framework with vitality productive and on location sunlight based boards keeping in mind the end goal to give better house. The houses are agreeable; reasonable and also sound those are moderate to live. Those are quality houses and more strong. The underlying plan of the waste house utilize a vitality rating framework that employments of PC reenactment with a specific end goal to survey warming and cooling proficiency of vitality of private building outline. The buildi ng materials are demonstrated keeping in mind the end goal to appraise the vitality execution and cost of different planning choices. The last outline of the house considers ideal adjust among energy execution and cost. The ZEB is taken a toll proficient and it is conceivable that the plan idea requires coordinating, joining upgradation of building envelope and additionally utilizing of effective building framework References Berthold, F., Blunier, B., Bouquain, D., Williamson, S., Chen, Y., Athienitis, A. and Miraoui, A., 2014. Optimization of a battery charging schedule in a net zero energy house using vehicle-to-home functionality. InProc. eSim14, IBPSA. Cellura, M., Guarino, F., Longo, S. and Mistretta, M., 2015. 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